The Nineteenth Century · School
German Idealism
Starting from Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel understood reality as the unfolding activity of Spirit or the self.
Representative figures · 4
Johann Gottlieb Fichte费希特
The beginning of German idealism: the I posits itself and posits the not-I, the world is the field of freedom's activity, and philosophy is the science of freedom.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel黑格尔
The completer of idealism: reality is Absolute Spirit coming to know itself through contradiction and sublation, history is the progress of the consciousness of freedom, and philosophy is its own time grasped in thought.
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling谢林
The philosopher of Romanticism: nature is slumbering spirit, art is philosophy's summit, and in old age he turned to myth and revelation, asking why there is something rather than nothing.
Ludwig Feuerbach费尔巴哈
'God is the projection of the human essence': the secret of theology is anthropology. He stood Hegel on his head and prepared the ground for Marx.