The Nineteenth Century · School
Philosophy of Life
Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Dilthey and Bergson resisted reducing life to reason, stressing will, lived experience and duration.
Representative figures · 6
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling谢林
The philosopher of Romanticism: nature is slumbering spirit, art is philosophy's summit, and in old age he turned to myth and revelation, asking why there is something rather than nothing.
Arthur Schopenhauer叔本华
The essence of the world is blind Will, life a pendulum between pain and boredom, and release lies in art, compassion and asceticism. He brought Indian thought into the West and made pessimism a system.
Wilhelm Dilthey狄尔泰
Founder of the human sciences: nature is to be explained, spirit to be understood; life can be grasped only from within life, and hermeneutics became philosophy.
Friedrich Nietzsche尼采
God is dead and all values must be revalued: will to power, the Übermensch, eternal recurrence, philosophy with a hammer, and at the end a collapse in a Turin street with his arms around a horse.
Henri Bergson柏格森
Duration, intuition and the élan vital: time is not the space on a clock face but an indivisible flow, which intellect chops up and only intuition can enter. He was the most famous philosopher of the early twentieth century.
Alfred North Whitehead怀特海
From mathematical logic to process metaphysics: reality is not substance but event, the universe an organic creative advance, and even God is in becoming.